Abstract
Pesticides are among the most effective tools for pest control; however, their use involves significant exposure to toxic agents, and their use implies significant risks to human health and the environment. The present scientometric analysis and systematic review highlight the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of pesticides with Organophosphates and Neonicotinoids being among the most relevant classes studied, which are linked mainly to mechanisms such as oxidative stress and DNA damage in human, animal and plant cells. Through biomarkers and standardized techniques such as comet and micronucleus assays, the correlation of these compounds in the generation of mutations and genetic alterations has been confirmed, with critical implications for public and environmental health. Additional research has evolved toward more precise approaches conducted by international collaboration and a special interest in emerging countries. This study highlights the need for stricter regulation, the development of less toxic pesticides considering other alternatives such as biopesticides, strategies to mitigate associated risks, and the establishment of a solid foundation for future research and sustainable policies.