Abstract
Background/Objectives: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a challenging psychiatric condition to treat, with suboptimal recovery and difficulty tolerating exposure-based psychotherapies often noted in outcomes research. The aim of this study was to examine patterns of symptom reduction in veterans with PTSD treated with a Capnometry-Guided Respiratory Intervention (CGRI), a 28-day treatment teaching about the normalization of respiratory rate and exhaled carbon dioxide levels via biofeedback. We hypothesized reductions in total PCL-5 scores and all symptom clusters immediately post-treatment but with relative resistance to changes in hyperarousal symptoms, as reported in the outcomes of research using other evidence-based psychotherapies. Methods: In this report of real-world outcomes, we included 164 veterans treated with CGRI. Pre- and post-treatment PTSD Checklists for DSM-5 (PCL-5) scales were recorded and analyzed based on the total, cluster, and item scores. Subjects were additionally classified into Recovered, Improved, or Suboptimal subgroups based on their response to treatment. Data were compiled during routine clinical care and are available for retrospective analysis. Results: Treatment response was reported in 53% of participants, with a mean total PCL-5 score reduction of 12 points post-treatment (effect size, Glass's Δ = 0.99, large) and individual PCL-5 clusters showing medium to large effect sizes (effect size = 0.71 to 0.98). Contrary to our hypothesis, a large effect size was found in the hyperarousal cluster, with post-treatment scores being significantly improved compared to pre-treatment scores (effect size = 0.98). In the Recovered group, all 20 PCL-5 items showed significant declines, while significant reductions were reported in some items in the Improved group and no item improvements were noted in the Suboptimal group. Conclusions: Consistently with prior published trials reporting overall improvements in PTSD symptoms, in this report, the CGRI produced clinically meaningful reductions in PCL-5 cluster scores in addition to total scores. Unlike reports from several trials of cognitive therapies, this study found hyperarousal symptoms to be responsive to treatment. The CGRI shows evidence of improvement across the range of PTSD symptoms in the immediate post-treatment interval. The absence of an extended post-treatment follow up introduces uncertainty concerning the durability of benefits experienced, although previous CGRI research on both panic disorder and PTSD has shown the maintenance of symptom reduction in six- to twelve-month intervals.