Abstract
Grape seeds are recognized for their potential health benefits, particularly their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This systematic review evaluates the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of grape seed varieties in Iran, highlighting the unique contributions of specific varieties. This study followed the 2020 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses' (PRISMA) standards. Two writers separately searched the databases Web of Science (WoS), PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and Embase. The publication searches were carried out using various combinations of the phrases listed below: 'Antibacterial activity' OR 'Antimicrobial Activity' OR 'Antibiofilm Activity' OR 'In vitro Antimicrobial Activity' OR 'Antifungal Activity' AND 'Grape Seed,' and/or 'Grape Seed Extract' AND 'Iran'. The keywords such as 'Antioxidant activity' OR 'Antiradical Activity' OR 'DPPH, FRAP' AND 'Grape Seed,' and/or 'Grape Seed Extract' AND 'Iran' were also used. The reference lists of chosen articles were also manually reviewed and relevant articles were included. Following PRISMA guidelines, multiple databases were searched, yielding 16 eligible studies. Based on the literature data on the antibacterial activity of grape seed extracts in Iran, it is evident that ethanol and methanol extracts have been the most extensively tested. These different extracts have demonstrated good inhibitory activity against the growth of the tested bacterial strains, with varying inhibition diameters depending on the strains and extracts used. Seed extract antioxidant activity ranged from 34.03% (Green) to 53.63% (Black). Specifically, the Black grape seed extract demonstrated the highest total antioxidant capacity with DPPH (53.63%-0.34%), IC50 and AEAC (7.41 and 16.92 mg/mL) and a total phenolic content of 3 0.01 mg tannic acid/g DM. Iranian grape seeds show promising potential as a source of antioxidants and natural antimicrobial agents. This review identifies the need for targeted research on the distinct characteristics of grape seed varieties and their implications for health and agriculture in Iran.