Abstract
BACKGROUND: Functional electrical stimulation and exoskeletons provide direct functional ability but may also have therapeutic effects that improve function when they are turned off or removed. OBJECTIVE: This integrative review aimed to identify functional clinical outcome assessments used to assess therapeutic effects in rehabilitation technologies for persons with spinal cord injuries, to examine the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Common Data Elements recommendation level for SCI for each COA, and determine which COAs distinguish between recovery of function and function from compensation. METHODS: A literature search identified interventional SCI studies using FES and exoskeletons (n = 1006). Text screens resulted in a sample (n = 56) organized by level of evidence, COAs with their measurement properties, type of intervention with involved limbs, the NINDS CDE recommendation level, and if the COAs distinguished recovery from compensation. RESULTS: 56 articles met inclusion criteria. 31 studies involved exoskeletons, 23 studies involved FES, and 2 studies involved both FES and exoskeleton. Within those 56 articles, 38 COAs were identified across all studies, including different versions of the same COA as separate measures. Of these 38 COAs, 24 were PerfOs and 7 were PROs. The most used COAs did not differentiate recovery from compensation. However, 3 COAs were identified as able to discriminate recovery from compensation. CONCLUSIONS: Studies on FES and exoskeletons in SCI have precedent to examine therapeutic effects using a variety of functional COAs. Clinical trials in SCI would benefit from COAs with interval scales that assess therapeutic effects that differentiate between recovery and compensation.