Abstract
Nanomaterials are emerging versatile platforms for therapeutic delivery, as they offer precise control over drug, antioxidant, and genetic payload transport across biological barriers. Inorganic, organic, hybrid, and biomimetic systems are the major classes of nanomaterials, which all have different physicochemical properties such as size, surface charge, and surface functionalization. These properties collectively influence stability, biodistribution, cellular uptake, and release kinetics. Engineering strategies are increasingly using stimuli-responsive designs that are triggered by pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and intracellular redox gradients to perform spatially and temporally controlled delivery. Antioxidant and redox-modulating nanocarriers are of great importance as they overcome the limited bioavailability and nonspecific activity of conventional antioxidants by improving stability, targeting oxidative microenvironments, and allowing for regulated release. Improvements in lipid, polymeric, and inorganic nanoplatforms have also developed gene delivery applications, including siRNA, mRNA, and CRISPR/Cas systems, to provide better cytosolic release and precise therapeutics. When diagnostic imaging is integrated with therapy through theranostic nanoparticles, real-time monitoring and personalized intervention are possible. Safety, scalable manufacturing, and regulatory alignment are some challenges that show the need for standardization and translational procedures to utilize the potential of theranostic nanomedicine.