Abstract
Guidelines for the first-line treatment of Hormone Receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced or recurrent breast cancer have shifted to combination therapies of a CDK4/6 inhibitor and endocrine therapy. However, determining an optimal subsequent therapy following CDK4/6 inhibitor progression remains challenging, especially for tumors lacking actionable mutations. Real-world data suggest that fulvestrant monotherapy is frequently selected in this post-CDK4/6 inhibitor setting. This review examines its therapeutic potential in this evolving landscape. A systematic literature search using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov identified 153 clinical trials published between 2017 and November 2024, from which ten studies met our strict inclusion criteria, focusing solely on fulvestrant monotherapy. These trials encompassed 1038 patients who had prior exposure to CDK4/6 inhibitors. The selected studies were categorized into three groups: monotherapy trials (EMERALD, SERENA-2, AMEERA-3, and ELAINE-1), combination therapy trials (CAPItello-291 and VERONICA), and CDK4/6 inhibitor rechallenge trials (post-MONARCH, PACE, PALMIRA, and MAINTAIN). The median progression-free survival for fulvestrant monotherapy was 3.18 months (range 1.9-5.3 months). Factors affecting the efficacy of fulvestrant monotherapy in second-line therapy include prior treatments, treatment duration, and genetic mutations. Given that the efficacy of fulvestrant was short-lived in the second or subsequent lines, participating in clinical trials is a vital option until a novel alternative treatment choice becomes available.