Abstract
BACKGROUND: High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy is an effective minimally invasive treatment technique. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to present a theoretical foundation for transient cavitation control in HIFU treatment and investigate cavitation bubbles in multi-frequency ultrasound. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this theoretical study, the nonlinear vibrations of bubbles in different mediums (water, urine, kidney, and muscle) were simulated using Gilmore-Akulichev and modified Keller-Miksis equations. The dynamic changes of bubble radius during irradiation by multi-frequency combined ultrasound were analyzed, and the effects of multi-frequency ultrasound combinations and frequency differences on the maximum and minimum values of bubble expansion radius and bubble collapse time were investigated. RESULTS: At the same highest frequency, the triple-frequency produced the largest bubble expansion radius (R(max)) while the single-frequency resulted in the smallest bubble expansion radius (R(min)). At the same lowest frequency, the single-frequency had the biggest bubble expansion radius and the triple-frequency had the smallest bubble expansion radius. Compared to the combination with a large frequency difference at high frequency, the triple-frequency combination with a small frequency difference at low frequency exhibited a noticeably larger R(max), but R(min) showed the opposite behavior. R(max)/R(min) decreased for the same ultrasonic combination when the medium viscosity increased. The bubble expansion radius ratio R(max)/R(min) was positively correlated with the bubble collapse time. CONCLUSION: There was a strong correlation between the frequency difference and the multi-frequency ultrasound combination and the maximum and minimum values of the cavitation bubble radius and the collapse time.