Abstract
This study investigates the impact of propylene glycol (PRG) on ketotic cows, focusing on alleviating oxidative stress and enhancing immunity through modulating amino acid and lipid metabolism. Ketosis, a prevalent metabolic disease in dairy cows, negatively affects productivity and health. PRG, known for its gluconeogenic properties, was administered to cows with ketosis daily for three days and compared to an untreated group. Serum samples were taken to measure the biochemical parameters, and metabolomic and lipidomic analyses were performed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed significant reductions in serum non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and C-reactive protein levels, alongside increased glucose, anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Metabolomic and lipidomic analyses revealed significant alterations, including increased levels of glucogenic amino acids like glutamate and proline, and decreased levels of ceramide species. A pathway analysis indicated that PRG affects multiple metabolic pathways, including alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. These findings suggest that PRG not only mitigates oxidative stress, but also enhances immune function by restoring metabolic homeostasis. This study provides valuable insights into the biochemical mechanisms underlying PRG's therapeutic effects, offering potential strategies for the effective management and treatment of ketosis in dairy cows.