Abstract
Cancer patients commonly use morphine to alleviate advanced pain. Studies have shown that morphine may influence and intervene in the malignancy of various cancers, but its role and effects on pancreatic cancer are less studied. This study aims to examine how morphine affects pancreatic cancer and its possible mechanisms. In vitro experiments were conducted using the CCK-8 experiment, colony formation experiment, EdU test, wound healing experiment, and transwell migration and invasion experiment. Tumor xenograft tests were employed to investigate the in vivo impact of morphine on pancreatic cancer. The Western blot (WB) assay was used to detect possible changes in key proteins of the related signaling pathway. Our experimental results showed that low concentrations of morphine (25 µM) promoted the progression of pancreatic cancer, while high concentrations of morphine (100 µM) inhibited its progression. Further, we demonstrated that morphine may interfere with the progression of pancreatic cancer by acting on the p38/JNK signaling pathway. Morphine may affect pancreatic cancer progression through the p38/JNK pathway in a bidirectional manner at different concentrations.