Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanometer-sized membrane blebs secreted by all Gram-negative bacteria to facilitate bacterial communication and modulate the external environment, including in the context of host-microbe interactions. Neisseria gonorrhoeae releases OMVs during interactions with epithelial cells; however, beneficial functional activities for these OMVs have not yet been demonstrated. Our recent study shows that gonococcal OMVs are endocytosed by epithelial cells and subsequently induce mitophagy through a dual PorB-dependent mechanism. PorB is the major gonococcal outer membrane porin protein, which is able to translocate to mitochondria and dissipate the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to the initiation of a conventional mitophagy mechanism that is dependent on PINK1 and the receptor proteins OPTN or CALCOCO2/NDP52. A second SQSTM1/p62-dependent mitophagy pathway results from direct K63-linked polyubiquitination of PorB lysine residue 171 by the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF213. Induction of mitophagy favors intracellular gonococcal survival, because it reduces the release of bactericidal mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. These findings highlight a sophisticated bimodal PorB-dependent mechanism by which gonococcal OMVs modulate the intracellular environment to enhance survival in this hostile niche.