Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Current treatment options for BRAF V600-mutated unresectable stage III/IV melanoma include anti-PD-1 monotherapy or combination with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-LAG-3 agents, BRAF/MEK inhibitors, and clinical trials. The strategy of combination immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab has shown promising results, achieving higher response rates, longer duration of response, improved progression-free survival, and enhanced overall survival. The optimal sequence of treatments remains a topic of interest, with preliminary data suggesting a greater effectiveness of immunotherapy as the first-line approach. Preclinical trials have indicated that the efficacy of this sequence may be due to the modification of the immune environment by BRAF kinase inhibitors, leading to immune escape by tumor cells and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 72-year-old woman with high-burden metastatic melanoma who failed to respond to prior targeted therapy with BRAF/MEK inhibitors and exhibited a successful response to the second-line treatment with ipilimumab and nivolumab. We discuss the potential reasons for this positive outcome contributing to the current debate concerning treatment sequences, resistance mechanisms, and biomarkers predictive of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic melanoma. CONCLUSION: We believe that in few years the therapeutic algorithms in BRAF V600-mutated unresectable stage III/IV melanoma will be more complex since they will define clearly the correct therapeutic sequences with the inclusion of new immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs and multiple predictive biomarkers of response to better select patients eligible to immunotherapy.