Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cadmium has been a significant threat to environment and human health due to its high toxicity and wide application in fossil-fuel burning and battery industry. Cyanobacteria are one of the most dominant prokaryotes, and the previous studies suggested that they could be valuable in removing Cd(2+) from waste water. However, currently, the tolerance to cadmium is very low in cyanobacteria. To further engineer cyanobacteria for the environmental application, it is thus necessary to determine the mechanism that they respond to high concentration of cadmium. RESULTS: In this study, a robust strain of Synechocystis PCC 6803 (named ALE-9.0) tolerant to CdSO(4) with a concentration up to 9.0 µM was successfully isolated via adaptive laboratory evolution over 802-day continuous passages under cadmium stress. Whole-genome re-sequencing was then performed and nine mutations were identified for the evolved strain compared to the wild-type strain. Among these mutations, a large fragment deletion in slr0454 encoding a cation or drug efflux system protein was found to contribute directly to the resistance to Cd(2+) stress. In addition, five other mutations were also demonstrated related to the improved Cd(2+) tolerance in ALE-9.0. Moreover, the evolved ALE-9.0 strain was found to obtain cross tolerance to some other heavy metals like zinc and cobalt as well as higher resistance to high light. CONCLUSIONS: The work here identified six genes and their mutations related to Cd(2+) tolerance in Synechocystis PCC 6803, and demonstrated the feasibility of adaptive laboratory evolution in tolerance modifications. This work also provided valuable information regarding the cadmium tolerance mechanism in Synechocystis PCC 6803, and useful insights for cyanobacterial robustness and tolerance engineering.