Abstract
The volume of research into the pathogenesis and treatment of malnutrition has increased markedly over the past ten years, providing mechanistic insights that can be leveraged into more effective treatment options. These discoveries have been driven by several landmark studies employing metabolomics, metagenomics, and new preclinical models. This review highlights some of the most important recent findings, focusing in particular on the emerging roles of prenatal and perinatal factors, protein deficiency, impaired gut barrier function, immune deficiency, and the intestinal microbiome.