Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to characterize the different ways in which, based on certain physical manifestations that an individual suddenly experiences, people judge the possibility that these manifestations indicate the onset of a heart attack. METHODS: One hundred ninety-four French adults--plus six physicians--were presented with a set of realistic vignettes composed by orthogonally crossing the levels of four factors: the type of pain felt, and the presence or absence of nausea, excess sweating, and of difficulty breathing. RESULTS: Four qualitatively different reactions were found among the lay people. The majority reaction (54%) was close to the physicians' reaction. It consisted of suspecting a heart attack as soon as intense pain occurs in the chest or back. The second reaction (25%) retained from the first one only the idea that a heart attack should be suspected if the pain is localized to the chest. The third reaction (14%) reflected some people's uncertainty in the face of disturbing manifestations that they find difficult to interpret. The fourth reaction (7%) was that no set of symptoms could mean, for them, the onset of a heart attack. CONCLUSION: Only about half of the participants appeared to be able to consider unpleasant physical manifestations as a whole and integrate that information into an overall warning judgment that can lead into prompt life-saving actions. We recommend that judgment training on warning symptoms and signs be performed, especially for high-risk patients, in the offices of primary care providers and specialists.