Abstract
Developing a hybrid process for wastewater purification is of utmost importance to make conventional methods more efficient and faster. Herein, an effective visible light-active nickel-nickel oxide/carbon/graphitic carbon nitride (Ni-NiO/C/g-C(3)N(4))-based nanocatalyst was developed. A hybrid process based on ozonation and Ni-NiO/C/g-C(3)N(4) visible light photocatalysis was applied to decolourize the Congo red (CR), Alizarin Red S (ARS), and real dairy industry wastewater. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Χ-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry (UV-Vis DRS). The factors affecting the catalytic process were evaluated, including contact time, solution pH, initial dye concentration, etc. The degradation rate of CR and ARS was compared between the photocatalysis, ozonation, and integrated photocatalytic ozonation (PC/O(3)) methods. The results showed 100% degradation of CR and ARS within 5 min and 40 min, respectively, by integrated PC/O(3). The reusability of the modified catalyst was evaluated, and four successive regenerations were achieved. The modified Ni-NiO/C/g-C(3)N(4) composite could be considered an effective, fast, and reusable catalyst in an integrated PC/O(3) process for the complete decolourization of wastewater.