Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are secreted via the classical pathway from secretory vesicles or the non-classical pathway via extracellular vesicles (EVs), that together, play critical roles in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression. Annexin A6 (AnxA6) is a Ca (2+) -dependent membrane-binding protein that in TNBC is implicated in cell growth and invasiveness. AnxA6 is associated with EVs, but whether it affects the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and/or EVs remains to be fully elucidated. To assess if AnxA6 influences the secretion of cytokines and extracellular vesicles, we used cytokine arrays to analyze secreted factors in cleared culture supernatants from control AnxA6 expressing and AnxA6 downregulated MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells. This revealed the diminished secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2), interleukin 8 (IL-8), dickkopf1 (DKK1), throbospondin-1 (TSP-1), and osteopontin (OPN) following AnxA6 downregulation. We also show that the secretion of small EVs is strongly reduced in AnxA6 downregulated cells and that upregulation of AnxA6 promoted the secretion of treatment was also associated with increased EVs associated Rab7, cholesterol, and MCP-1 levels. Moreover, cholesterol content in EVs was significantly higher in AnxA6-expressing cells than in AnxA6 downregulated cells and following chronic lapatinib induced upregulation of AnxA6. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the secretion of MCP-1 and/or EVs is AnxA6 dependent and that this requires the translocation of AnxA6 to cellular membranes and its interaction with SNAP23. AnxA6 neutralizing antibodies strongly diminished the survival of AnxA6 low TNBC cells but had minimal effects on the survival of TNBC cells expressing relatively high levels of the protein. Together, these data suggest that AnxA6 facilitates the secretion of EVs and proinflammatory cytokines that may be critical for TNBC progression.