Abstract
Understanding the chronobiological adaptations of wildlife to diverse environmental stressors is crucial for effective conservation. This study described the activity patterns of the Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus macrourus) in the Jianfengling area of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, using extensive infrared camera trap data collected from 2020 to 2022. We analyzed the combined effects of lunar cycles, temperature gradients, and interspecific interactions-including competition with the ferret-badger (Melogale moschata), predation by the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) and disturbance from domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) for activity pattern characterization, Relative Activity Index (RAI) for intensity quantification, and negative binomial Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) to disentangle multifactor synergies are used. Results showed a primarily nocturnal pattern with peak activity between 20:00 and 22:00, along with strong avoidance of full-moon phases and a preferred temperature range of 15°C-22°C. Temporal segregation may reduce direct resource competition, and behavioral flexibility was observed in response to varying predation risks and human disturbances. These adaptive strategies represent key trade-offs among foraging efficiency, predator avoidance, and thermoregulation, demonstrating the species' behavioral plasticity. Thus, this study provides essential empirical evidence for developing conservation strategies to protect endangered species in the face of increasing climate change and human encroachment in tropical regions.