Abstract
Vitamin D(3)-loaded lipid nanoparticles (Vit D(3)-LNP), integrated into an azulene cream, were developed to enhance the topical delivery and stability of Vitamin D(3). The LNP was formulated using a lipid mixture and hot homogenization-ultrasonication, with comprehensive characterization revealing a particle size of 153.9 nm, a high zeta potential (-54.3 mV), and a PDI of 0.216, which TEM confirmed. Encapsulation efficiency was high (96.98%), indicating successful incorporation of Vitamin D(3) within the lipid matrix. Stability studies revealed the impact of light exposure on Vitamin D(3) degradation. In vitro, release, and skin penetration studies using Franz diffusion cells and two-photon microscopy demonstrated enhanced drug permeation and retention in deeper skin layers with the cream formulation. Cell Viability test confirmed high cell viability (~ 80-100%) for both free Vitamin D(3) and the LNP formulation; also inflammation test showed a significant reduction in ROS levels with Vitamin D(3)-LNP treatment. These findings highlight the therapeutic value of LNP in managing conditions like Vitiligo, providing insights into the design of stable, effective Vitamin D(3) delivery systems for dermal applications, and offering a promising approach for advanced skin treatments.