Abstract
Differential expression (DE) analysis is a widely used method for identifying genes that are functionally relevant for an observed phenotype or biological response. However, typical DE analysis includes selection of genes based on a threshold of fold change in expression under the implicit assumption that all genes are equally sensitive to dosage changes of their transcripts. This tends to favor highly variable genes over more constrained genes where even small changes in expression may be biologically relevant. To address this limitation, we have developed a method to recalibrate each gene's DE fold change based on genetic expression variance observed in the human population. The newly established metric ranks statistically differentially expressed genes, not by nominal change of expression, but by relative change in comparison to natural dosage variation for each gene. We apply our method to RNA sequencing data sets from in vitro stimulus response and neuropsychiatric disease experiments. Compared to the standard approach, our method adjusts the bias in discovery toward highly variable genes and enriches for pathways and biological processes related to metabolic and regulatory activity, indicating a prioritization of functionally relevant driver genes. Tissue-specific recalibration increases detection of known disease-relevant processes. Altogether, our method provides a novel view on DE and contributes toward bridging the existing gap between statistical and biological significance. We believe that this approach will simplify the identification of disease-causing molecular processes and enhance the discovery of therapeutic targets.