Abstract
Sea pens are colonial octocorals inhabiting mostly muddy and sandy soft sediments, globally. Despite their cosmopolitan distribution, evidence of high functional value, and susceptibility to external stressors, sea pens remain poorly investigated relative to other coral species. Here, a quantitative analysis of the fine-scale spatial patterns of deep-sea sea pens (Octocorallia: Pennatuloidea) within a submarine canyon conservation area in English waters is conducted using Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) seabed images, three-dimensional photogrammetry models, and Spatial Point Pattern Analysis (SPPA). The density distribution of sea pens at the canyon flank scale (100s of metres) is also reported for context. At the canyon flank scale, sea pen density decreases with increasing depth, with colonies virtually absent from waters deeper than ca. 1100 m. At the fine scale, sea pens exhibit a tendency to cluster relative to sea pens and tube-dwelling anemones (Cerianthidae sp.), suggesting mutual habitat associations. Conversely, overdispersion best characterises the nature of sea pen distribution relative to stalked sponges (Hyalonema sp.), suggesting occurrence of competition or, possibly, allelopathy. This study demonstrates that high-resolution spatial analysis techniques can be employed to disentangle biotic interactions among a set of taxa, revealing key processes and structures underlying the ecology of benthic fauna.