Abstract
Background Autoimmune disorders have shown an increasing incidence in the last few years. The systemic response to the disorder is characterized by the expression of antinuclear antibody (ANA), which serves as the serological hallmark of autoimmunity. Its presence may indicate either a systemic autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, and polymyositis/dermatomyositis or an organ-specific condition such as autoimmune thyroiditis and hepatitis. The systemic response may vary from one individual to another in each population. Several specific autoantibodies are also found to be associated with specific rheumatic diseases. Aim We aim to report the frequency of ANA positivity, ANA immunofluorescence patterns, and the presence of extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) among the general Pakistani population from one of the largest laboratories in Pakistan. Material and methods A total of 1,966 blood samples from a random Pakistani population were included, who were referred by their physicians with suspicion of autoimmune disease. These blood samples were subjected to ANA testing by indirect immunofluorescence method, and subsequently, positive samples were further analyzed for ENA detection in the Section of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan. An ANA titer of ≥1:80 was taken as positive. ANA was divided into subgroups based on titer: negative, weakly positive (titer of 1:80 or 1:160), moderately positive (titer of 1:320 or 1:640), and strongly positive (titer of ≥1:1280). Further, the frequency of ANA in male and female participants was studied in different age groups (2 to <10, 10 to <20, 20 to <30, 30 to <40, 40 to <50, 50 to <60, 60 to <70, 70 to <80, and 80+ years). Results This study included 1,966 participants, out of which 1,100 (55%) were ANA-positive at a titer of ≥1:80. Out of these ANA positives, the proportion of weakly positive (titer of 1:80 or 1:160), moderately positive (titer of 1:320 or 1:640), and strongly positive (titer of ≥1:1280) were 48.7%, 2.6%, and 4.2%, respectively. The ages ranged from two to 91 years, with a mean age of 43.64 ± 17.4 years. Females (75.5%) showed predominance over males (24.5%) in all age groups, with a ratio of 3:1. The age group in which most ANA positivity was found was 30 to <40 years. Among 1,100 ANA-positive sera, 383 (34.8%) participants tested positive for at least one out of 15 ENA. The most frequent autoantibodies noticed were anti-recombinant Ro52 (Ro52) (19.8%), anti-Sjogren's syndrome type A (SSA) (17.2%), and anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) (13.3%). The most prevalent ANA patterns were nuclear homogeneous (27.7%), followed by nuclear speckled (26.5%). Conclusion The frequency of ANA positivity is high in the Pakistani population and differs in different sex and age groups.