Abstract
Protein kinases regulate protein phosphorylation, which are involved in fundamental cellular processes such as inflammatory response. In this study, we discovered a novel multi-protein kinase inhibitor, KMU-1170, a derivative of indolin-2-one, and investigated the mechanisms of its inflammation-inhibiting signaling in both THP-1 cells and human osteoarthritic fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). We demonstrated that in THP-1 cells, KMU-1170 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and, furthermore, suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1, JNK, ERK, inhibitor of NF-κB kinase α/β (IKKα/β), and NF-κB p65 as well as nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Moreover, KMU-1170 suppressed LPS-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, and, notably, inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 cells. Importantly, KMU-1170 attenuated LPS-mediated inflammatory responses in human osteoarthritic FLS, such as the upregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 and the phosphorylation of IKKα/β and NF-κB p65. Collectively, these results suggest that KMU-1170 inhibits inflammatory signal transduction and could be developed as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.