Abstract
BACKGROUND: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is prevalent in adult women, attributed to weakened endopelvic supporting tissues, and typically treated using drugs and invasive surgical procedures. The objective of this in silico study is to explore transurethral high-intensity ultrasound for delivery of precise thermal therapy to the endopelvic tissues adjacent to the mid-urethra, to induce thermal remodeling as a potential minimally invasive treatment alternative. METHODS: 3D acoustic (Rayleigh-Sommerfeld) and biothermal (Pennes bioheat) models of the ultrasound applicator and surrounding tissues were devised. Parametric studies over transducer configuration [frequency, radius-of-curvature (ROC)] and treatment settings (power, duration) were performed, and select cases on patient-specific models were used for further evaluation. Transient temperature and thermal dose distributions were calculated, and temperature and dose metrics reported. RESULTS: Configurations using a 5-MHz curvilinear transducer (3.5 × 10 mm, 28 mm ROC) with single 90 s sonication can create heated zones with 11 mm penetration (>50 °C) while sparing the inner 1.8 mm (<45 °C) radial depth of the urethral mucosa. Sequential and discrete applicator rotations can sweep out bilateral coagulation volumes (1.4 W power, 15° rotations, 600 s total time), produce large volumetric (1124 mm³ above 60 EM(43 °C)) and wide angular (∼50.5° per lateral sweep) coverage, with up to 15.6 mm thermal penetration and at least 1.6 mm radial urethral protection (<5 EM(43 °C)). CONCLUSION: Transurethral applicators with curvilinear ultrasound transducers can deliver spatially selective temperature elevations to lateral mid-urethral targets as a possible means to tighten the endopelvic fascia and adjacent tissues.