Abstract
BACKGROUND: Controversial evidence suggests a potential association between female genital mutilation (FGM/C) and adverse obstetric outcomes, with type III FGM/C (infibulation) carrying the greatest risk. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess current rate of adverse obstetric outcomes in women with type III female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C; infibulation) delivering across different settings worldwide. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases from inception to Jan 1, 2023. Studies were selected if they included the main outcome of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) or secondary outcomes, which included major conditions affecting maternal-neonatal health during labour and delivery. DerSimonian-Laird random effects meta-analysis including pooled effect estimates with corresponding 95 % confidence intervals was performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I(2) statistic. Meta regression for relevant covariates was performed when data on relevant confounders were available. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess quality of observational studies. The level of evidence was assessed with the GRADE method. RESULTS: 14 observational studies including 15,320 type III FGM/C women and 59,347 controls were eligible. The risk for postpartum haemorrhage was significantly increased in type III FGM/C, in the main analysis (OR 1.83, 95 % CI 1.03 to 3.24, I(2) = 93 %), in pooling of data adjusted for confounders (aOR 1.76, CI 1.42 to 2.17, I(2) = 0 %), and in sensitivity analysis of higher quality studies with NOS≥7 (OR 2.76, CI 1.38 to 5.51, I(2) = 95 %). Meta-regression showed that nulliparity was significantly and positively associated with postpartum haemorrhage. Similarly, analysis of data adjusted for confounders showed an increased risk of episiotomy in type III FGM/C (aOR 1.56, CI 1.03 to 2.35, I(2) = 52 %). Sensitivity analysis of studies with NOS≥7 revealed a significant increase for episiotomy (OR 7.53, CI 1.19 to 47.54, I(2) = 96 %), perineal tears (OR 4.24, CI 1.09 to 16.46, I(2) = 66 %), prolonged second stage of labour (OR 5.19, 95 % CI 1.00 to 26.85, I(2) = 66 %), and Apgar score less than 7 (OR 4.19, CI 1.64 to 10.70, I(2) = 0 %). No difference was found regarding obstetric anal sphincter injuries and mode of delivery in these women. Deinfibulation achieved similar obstetric and neonatal outcomes to women who never had type III FGM. The overall quality of the studies was adequate (median NOS score: 7; IQR: 6-8), the level of evidence, according to the GRADE assessment, was low. CONCLUSIONS: These results consistently show an increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes in women with FGM/C type III. Infibulation substantially increases the risk for PPH, particularly in nulliparae. Systematic Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42023421993.