Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only curative intervention for myelodysplastic syndrome, with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) being a frequently encountered consequence. GVHD is classified as acute (aGVHD) or chronic (cGVHD). The oral cavity is the most impacted by chronic. Oral manifestations of cGVHD are variable and include plaque, Wickham striae, and lichenoid patches. In order to prevent malignant misdiagnosis, the 2014 NIH consensus report decided to exclude white plaque as a diagnostic indicator for oral cGVHD. Nevertheless, it is still possible to classify a white plaque lesion as cGVHD through histological confirmation. The performance of a biopsy should be undertaken following meticulous consideration and a thorough evaluation of the associated risks and benefits. The in-depth review of oral cancer risk assessment is crucial, necessitating a careful review of multiple factors to accurately estimate the likelihood of malignant transformation in individuals with oral cGVHD. This report describes a case of oral cGVHD manifesting as hyperkeratotic plaque lesions confirmed by histopathology in a 62-year-old man who received an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant over a decade ago.