Abstract
Cytokines enhance tumour cell recognition via cytotoxic effector cells and are therefore effectively used in cancer immunotherapy. Mesenchymal stem cells have efficient homing potential and have been used to target and inhibit various types of cancer mediated by the release of soluble/bioactive factors. Initial evaluation of the human Wharton's jelly stem cell conditioned medium (hWJSC-CM) and cell lysate (hWJSC-CL) against an ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR3) demonstrated their inhibitory effect in vitro. The secreted cytokine profile was then studied to understand whether the OVCAR3 inhibitory effect was mediated by the cytokines. Expression of cytokines in OVCAR3 following 48 h treatment with hWJSC extracts, namely the hWJSC-CM (50%) and hWJSC-CL (10 µg/ml), was evaluated using multiplex cytokine assay. Paclitaxel (5 nM) was used as a positive control. Cytokines tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-1β and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, reported to be involved in tumour growth, invasion and migration, were significantly decreased. Cytokines with antitumour effects, namely IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-2, IL-2 receptor, IL-5, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-γ, were mildly increased or decreased. Only the increases in IL-1RA (with paclitaxel, hWJSC-CM and hWJSC-CL) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (with hWJSC-CL) were statistically significant. The chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β and Regulated Upon Activation, Normally T-Expressed, and Secreted were significantly decreased while monokine induced by IFN-γ, IFN-γ induced protein 10 and Eotaxin demonstrated mild decreases. The growth factors basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor were significantly decreased. Heatmaps demonstrated differential fold changes in cytokines and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed 3 major and 7 minor sub-clusters of associated cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. In conclusion, the hWJSC extracts decreased the expression of oncogenic cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which mediated the inhibition of OVCAR3 cells in vitro.