Abstract
BACKGROUND: Noninvasive cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques including arterial spin labeling (ASL), blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD), and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), are capable of measuring tissue perfusion-related parameters. We sought to evaluate and compare these three CMR techniques in characterizing skeletal muscle perfusion in lower extremities and to investigate their abilities to diagnose and assess the severity of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). METHODS: Fifteen healthy young subjects, 14 patients with PAD, and 10 age-matched healthy old subjects underwent ASL, BOLD, and IVIM CMR perfusion imaging. Healthy young and healthy old participants were subjected to a cuff-induced ischemia experiment with pressures of 20 mmHg and 40 mmHg above systolic pressure during imaging. Perfusion-related metrics, including blood flow, T2* relaxation time, perfusion fraction f, diffusion coefficient D, and pseudodiffusion coefficient D*, were measured in the anterior, lateral, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscle groups. Friedman, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon signed rank, and Spearman rank correlation tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In cases of significant differences determined by the Friedman test (P < 0.05), blood flow, T2*, and D values gradually decreased, while f values showed a tendency to increase in healthy subjects under cuff compression. No significant correlations were found among the ASL, BOLD, and IVIM parameters (all P > 0.05). Blood flow and T2* values showed significant positive correlations with transcutaneous oxygen pressure measurements (ρ = 0.465 and 0.522, respectively; both P ≤ 0.001), while f values showed a significant negative correlation in healthy young subjects (ρ = - 0.351; P = 0.018). T2* was independent of age in every muscle group. T2* values were significantly decreased in PAD patients compared with healthy old subjects and severe PAD patients compared with mild-to-moderate PAD patients (all P < 0.0125). Significant correlations were found between T2* and ankle-brachial index values in all muscle groups in PAD patients (ρ = 0.644-0.837; all P < 0.0125). Other imaging parameters failed to show benefits towards the diagnosis and disease severity evaluation of PAD. CONCLUSIONS: ASL, BOLD, and IVIM provide complementary information regarding tissue perfusion. Compared with ASL and IVIM, BOLD may be a more reliable technique for assessing PAD in the resting state and could thus be applied together with angiography in clinical studies as a tool to comprehensively assess microvascular and macrovascular properties in PAD patients.