Abstract
Iron is critical for virtually all organisms, yet major questions remain regarding the systems-level understanding of iron in whole cells. Here, we obtained Mössbauer and EPR spectra of Escherichia coli cells prepared under different nutrient iron concentrations, carbon sources, growth phases, and O(2) concentrations to better understand their global iron content. We investigated WT cells and those lacking Fur, FtnA, Bfr, and Dps proteins. The coarse-grain iron content of exponentially growing cells consisted of iron-sulfur clusters, variable amounts of nonheme high-spin Fe(II) species, and an unassigned residual quadrupole doublet. The iron in stationary-phase cells was dominated by magnetically ordered Fe(III) ions due to oxyhydroxide nanoparticles. Analysis of cytosolic extracts by size-exclusion chromatography detected by an online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer revealed a low-molecular-mass (LMM) Fe(II) pool consisting of two iron complexes with masses of ∼500 (major) and ∼1300 (minor) Da. They appeared to be high-spin Fe(II) species with mostly oxygen donor ligands, perhaps a few nitrogen donors, and probably no sulfur donors. Surprisingly, the iron content of E. coli and its reactivity with O(2) were remarkably similar to those of mitochondria. In both cases, a "respiratory shield" composed of membrane-bound iron-rich respiratory complexes may protect the LMM Fe(II) pool from reacting with O(2) When exponentially growing cells transition to stationary phase, the shield deactivates as metabolic activity declines. Given the universality of oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic biology, the iron content and respiratory shield in other aerobic prokaryotes might be similar to those of E. coli and mitochondria.