Abstract
Temperature sensing is of high value in the wearable healthcare, robotics/prosthesis, and noncontact physiological monitoring. However, the common mechanic deformation, including pressing, bending, and stretching, usually causes undesirable feature size changes to the inner conductive network distribution of temperature sensors, which seriously influences the accuracy. Here, inspired by the transient receptor potential mechanism of biological thermoreceptors that could work precisely under various skin contortions, we propose an MXene/Clay/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) (MCP) hydrogel with high stretchability, spike response, and deformation insensitivity. The dynamic spike response is triggered by the inner conductive network transformation from the 3-dimensional structure to the 2-dimensional surface after water being discharged at the threshold temperature. The water discharge is solely determined by the thermosensitivity of PNIPAM, which is free from mechanical deformation, so the MCP hydrogels can perform precise threshold temperature (32 °C) sensing under various deformation conditions, i.e., pressing and 15% stretching. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated the applications in plant electronics for the real-time surface temperature monitoring and skin electronics for communicating between human and machines. Our research opens venues for the accurate temperature-threshold sensation on the complicated surface and mechanical conditions.