Abstract
Purpose: Facial paralysis results from congenital or acquired facial nerve damage, leading to significant cosmetic and functional deficits. Surgical resection of parotid and midface tumors can cause facial paralysis, necessitating effective treatment strategies. This review addresses the challenge of restoring movement and function in late-stage facial paralysis, focusing on dynamic repair techniques involving nerve and muscle transplantation. Methods: The review encompasses studies on dynamic repair surgery for late facial paralysis, including techniques such as local muscle flap with pedicle transfer, vascularized nerve flap with pedicle transfer, and multiple muscle flap procedures. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering studies from 2000 to 2024. Keywords included "dynamic repair", "late-stage facial paralysis", "nerve and muscle transplantation", "muscle flap", and "tendon transposition". Included were clinical studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses reporting surgical outcomes. Exclusion criteria included studies with insufficient data and non-peer-reviewed articles. Results: Dynamic repair techniques involving nerve and muscle transplantation are essential for treating late-stage facial paralysis. Each surgical method has strengths and limitations. The masseter muscle flap demonstrates high success rates, although it can cause horizontal tension and jaw contour issues. The temporalis muscle flap is effective for smile restoration but may lead to temporal concavity. The gracilis muscle flap is widely used, especially with dual nerve innervation, showing high success in spontaneous smiles but requiring a longer recovery period. The latissimus dorsi flap is effective but can cause edema and shoulder issues. The serratus anterior free flap offers flexibility with precise vector positioning but may not achieve adequate lip elevation and can cause cheek swelling. Combined multi-flap surgeries provide more natural facial expressions but increase surgical complexity and require advanced microsurgical skills. Conclusions: Dual nerve innervation shows promise for restoring spontaneous smiles. One-stage surgery offers faster recovery and reduced financial burden. Comprehensive patient evaluation is crucial to select the most suitable surgical method. Dynamic repair techniques involving nerve and muscle transplantation provide effective solutions for restoring function and aesthetics in late-stage facial paralysis. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes, patient satisfaction, and standardizing surgical protocols to optimize treatment strategies.