Abstract
Since the detonation of the first atomic bomb during World War II, geopolitical issues and armed conflicts have reminded us of the threat posed by nuclear weapons in the short, medium, and long term. The potential consequences include millions of deaths and severe injuries from blast, heat, and acute ionizing radiation. Whatever the country, in the post-acute stage of a nuclear attack, the first challenge for health and rescue personnel will be gaining access to affected populations amidst destroyed infrastructure, hazardous radioactivity, and limited health facilities and medical supplies. Subsequently, the focus will shift to providing timely and appropriate treatment for survivors, addressing environmental damage, and combating malnutrition. Beyond the immediate human toll, the destruction of city infrastructure and the loss of centuries of cultural heritage are also at stake. Governments and health systems must prepare for these scenarios, although any medical or mitigation response may prove inadequate to halt the devastating impact of a failed disarmament or nuclear non-proliferation treaty. Scientists should raise awareness about the dire consequences of nuclear warfare and the realities of a post-nuclear era.