Abstract
The interaction of multiple viruses in one host is thought to enhance the development of mutations. However, the impact of hepatitis D virus (HDV) positivity on the development of unique hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) remains poorly understood in African countries, including Botswana. We used HBV sequences generated from the Botswana Combination Prevention Project (BCPP), which is the largest pair-matched cluster-randomized HIV trial in Botswana. Only participants with available HBV sequences (n = 55) were included in our study ([HIV/HBV-positive (n = 50) and HIV/HBV/HDV-positive (n = 5)]. Geno2pheno was used to determine HBV genotypes, and HBV surface region sequences (all subgenotype A1) were aligned in AliView for mutational analysis, while the impact of mutations was assessed using Phyre2. Our results identified 182 common mutations between the two groups. In the HIV/HBV/HDV cohort, only three mutations (L95W, W156Q, C221Y) were classified as deleterious, with only L95W being the most frequent. In the HIV/HBV cohort, four mutations (W199R, C221A, C221S, W223G) were also classified as deleterious. Our results demonstrate the presence of unique HBV mutations among the HIV/HBV/HDV-positive cohort. Functional characterization of these mutations is recommended to determine their effect on HDV.