Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADAb) has emerged as a significant biomarker for clinical diagnosis and prognosis in type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this study, we investigated the potential utilization of glass capillary solid-state nanopores as a cost-effective and easily preparable platform for the detection of individual antigens, antibodies, and antigen-antibody complexes without necessitating any modifications to the nanopores. Our findings revealed notable characteristic variations in the translocation events of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) through nanopores under different voltage conditions, discovered that anomalous phenomenon of protein translocation events increasing with voltage may potentially be caused by the crowding of multiple proteins in the nanopores, and demonstrated that there are multiple components in the polyclonal antibodies (GADAb-poly). Furthermore, we achieved successful differentiation between GAD65, GADAb, and GADAb-GAD65 complexes. These results offer promising prospects for the development of a rapid and reliable GADAb detection method, which holds the potential to be applied in patient serum samples, thereby facilitating a label-free, cost-effective, and early diagnosis of type I diabetes.