Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to assess whether additional primary care practitioner (PCP) contacts beyond the intake visit are associated with reduced hemoglobin A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes actively engaged in the Kaiser Permanente case management system. Methods This retrospective cohort study using the Kaiser Permanente electronic health record explored the effect of enhanced PCP contact among adult patients with type 2 diabetes actively working with diabetes case managers (defined as ≥ 4 case manager contacts during the study period). Results A total of 837 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. On average, patients with the highest PCP contact, < 7 contacts, had Ac levels 0.53 lower than those in the lowest PCP contact quartile, < 3 contacts (p = 0.0007). A1c decreased an average of 0.20 when the PCP contact quartile was one quartile higher (p = 0.0004). Holding the baseline A1c constant, the A1c decreased an average of 0.15 when the PCP contact quartile was one quartile higher (p = 0.0024). A1c change was significantly correlated with baseline A1c; A1c decreased by 0.64 more as the baseline A1c level increased by 1 (p < 0.0001). Additionally, the A1c level decreased by 0.02 more when patient age increased by 1 (p < 0.0001). Metformin use was associated with a decrease of A1c by 0.40 (p = 0.0057), whereas insulin use was associated with an increase of A1c by 0.29 (p = 0.0280). Conclusion In summary, a significant reduction was observed in A1c in patients with increased PCP contacts. This effect was seen in patients already receiving recommended case manager support.