Abstract
BACKGROUND: The incidence of airborne respiratory infections fell as a result of the protective measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic and rose again when these were stopped. In 2022, there was a notable rise in invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) infections in many countries, including Germany. This rise was also reflected in the data of the university otorhinolaryngology department in Ulm, Germany. METHODS: This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective literature search on the rise of iGAS infections in Europe, with particular attention to the timing of disease onset, clinical presentation, pathogenic strains, and potential causes and risk factors. RESULTS: The rise in infections after the pandemic was especially marked among children up to age 10 and in older adults; in Germany, it affected all age groups equally, but predominantly persons older than 65. Rising prevalence figures were seen in Germany and elsewhere as early as the fall of 2022, outside the usual season, and peaked mainly in the first and second quarters of 2023. The increased incidence of iGAS-associated pneumonia was paralleled by that of viral airway infections and led to greater use of intensivecare measures for children. The main bacterial strain identified was emm1; a new variant (M1DK) played a role in Denmark, and an emm4 variant (M4NL22) became increasingly important in the Netherlands. In Germany, initial evidence suggested the predominance of M1UK. Increased antibiotic resistance was not found. CONCLUSION: The reduced confrontation of the immune system with pathogens during the pandemic, along with the increased incidence of viral airway infections immediately after it, apparently accounted for the exceptionally high post-pandemic rise in iGAS infections and the increase in invasive pulmonary diseases in Europe. Consistent vaccination programs against coincident respiratory viruses could reduce the burden of iGAS infections. The further extension of multinational surveillance programs with obligatory participation could aid in the detection of factors affecting the course of disease and the spread of new bacterial strains.