Abstract
BACKGROUND: Infections by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have become more common in recent years. Mycobacterium canariasense (M. canariasense) was first reported as an opportunistic pathogen in 2004, but there have been very few case reports since then. Nocardia is a genus of aerobic and Gram-positive bacilli, and these species are also opportunistic pathogens and in the Mycobacteriales order. Conventional methods for diagnosis of NTM are inefficient. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) can rapidly detect many pathogenic microorganisms, even rare species. Most NTM and Nocardia infections occur in immunocompromised patients with atypical clinical symptoms. There are no previous reports of infection by M. canariasense and Nocardia farcinica (N. farcinica), especially in immunocompetent patients. This case report describes an immunocompetent 52-year-old woman who had overlapping infections of M. canariasense, N. farcinica, and Candida parapsilosis (C. parapsilosis) based on mNGS. CASE SUMMARY: A 52-year-old woman presented with a productive cough and chest pain for 2 wk, and recurrent episodes of moderate-grade fever for 1 wk. She received antibiotics for 1 wk at a local hospital, and experienced defervescence, but the productive cough and chest pain persisted. We collected samples of a lung lesion and alveolar lavage fluid for mNGS. The lung tissue was positive for M. canariasense, N. farcinica, and C. parapsilosis, and the alveolar lavage fluid was positive for M. canariasense. The diagnosis was pneumonia, and application of appropriate antibiotic therapy cured the patient. CONCLUSION: Etiological diagnosis is critical for patients with infectious diseases. mNGS can identify rare and novel pathogens, and does not require a priori knowledge.