Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Increasing global warming has made heat stress a serious threat to crop productivity and global food security in recent years. One of the most promising solutions to address this issue is developing heat-stress-tolerant plants. Hence, a thorough understanding of heat stress response mechanisms, particularly molecular ones, is crucial. METHODS: Although numerous studies have used microarray expression profiling technology to explore this area, these experiments often face limitations, leading to inconsistent results. To overcome these limitations, a random effects meta-analysis was employed using advanced statistical methods. A meta-analysis of 16 microarray datasets related to heat stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana was conducted. RESULTS: The analysis revealed 1,972 significant differentially expressed genes between control and heat-stressed plants (826 over-expressed and 1,146 down-expressed), including 128 differentially expressed transcription factors from different families. The most significantly enriched biological processes, molecular functions, and KEGG pathways for over-expressed genes included heat response, mRNA splicing via spliceosome pathways, unfolded protein binding, and heat shock protein binding. Conversely, for down-expressed genes, the most significantly enriched categories included cell wall organization or biogenesis, protein phosphorylation, transmembrane transporter activity, ion transmembrane transporter, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and metabolic pathways. DISCUSSION: Through our comprehensive meta-analysis of heat stress transcriptomics, we have identified pivotal genes integral to the heat stress response, offering profound insights into the molecular mechanisms by which plants counteract such stressors. Our findings elucidate that heat stress influences gene expression both at the transcriptional phase and post-transcriptionally, thereby substantially augmenting our comprehension of plant adaptive strategies to heat stress.