Abstract
Background Urban cores often present extreme disparities in the distribution of wealth and income. They also vary in health outcomes, especially regarding mental welfare. Dense urban blocks agglomerate many residents of various backgrounds, and extreme differences in income, commerce, and health may lead to variations in depressive disorder outcomes. More research is needed on public health characteristics that may affect depression in dense urban centers. Methods Data on 2020 public health characteristics for Manhattan Island was collected using the Centers for Disease Control's (CDC's) PLACES project. All Manhattan census tracts were used as the spatial observations, resulting in [Formula: see text] observations. A cross-sectional generalized linear regression (GLR) was used to fit a geographically weighted spatial regression (GWR), with tract depression rates as the endogenous variable. Data on the following eight exogenous parameters were incorporated: the percentage without health insurance, the percentage of those who binge drink, the percentage who receive an annual doctor's checkup, the percentage of those who are physically inactive, the percentage of those who experience frequent mental distress, the percentage of those who receive less than 7 hours of sleep each night, the percentage of those who report regular smoking, and the percentage of those who are obese. A Getis-Ord Gi* model was built to locate hot and cold spot clusters for depression incidence and an Anselin Local Moran's I spatial autocorrelation analysis was undertaken to determine neighborhood relationships between tracts. Results Depression hot spot clusters at the 90%-99% confidence interval (CI) were identified in Upper Manhattan and Lower Manhattan using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic and spatial autocorrelation. Cold spot clusters at the 90%-99% CI were in central Manhattan and the southern edge of Manhattan Island. For the GLR-GWR model, only the lack of health insurance and mental distress variables were significant at the 95% CI, with an adjusted R-(2) of 0.56. Noticeable inversions were observed in the spatial distribution of the exogenous coefficients across Manhattan, with a higher lack of insurance coefficients observed in Upper Manhattan and higher frequent mental distress coefficients in Lower Manhattan. Conclusion The level of depression incidence does spatially track with predictive health and economic parameters across Manhattan Island. Additional research is encouraged on urban policies that may reduce the mental distress burden on Manhattan residents, as well as investigations of the spatial inversion observed in this study between the exogenous parameters.