Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Live influenza vaccines are considered to stimulate better overall immune responses but are associated with safety concerns regarding shedding and the potential for transmission or reassortment with wild-type influenza viruses. Intranasal M2SR and BM2SR (M2- and BM2-deficient single replication), intranasal influenza viruses, have shown promise as broadly cross-reactive next-generation influenza vaccines. The replication deficiency, shedding, and transmissibility of M2SR/BM2SR viruses were evaluated in a ferret model. METHODS: Wild-type influenza A and B control viruses replicated in upper respiratory organs and transmitted to both direct and aerosol contact ferrets, whereas M2SR and BM2SR influenza vaccine viruses were not detected in any tissues or in nasal washes after inoculation and were not recovered from any direct or aerosol contact ferrets. Mice were simultaneously infected with wild-type influenza A and M2SR viruses to assess reassortment potential. Sequence and PCR analyses of the genome recovered from individual virus plaques isolated from lung homogenates identified the origin of the segments as exclusively from the replicating wild-type virus. RESULTS: These results indicate that M2SR and BM2SR influenza vaccine viruses are attenuated, do not shed or transmit, and have a low probability for reassortment after coinfection. Absence of shedding was further demonstrated in nasal swabs taken from subjects who were inoculated with H3N2 M2SR in a previously described Phase 1 clinical study. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that M2SR/BM2SR viruses have the potential to be used in a broader population range than current live influenza vaccines.