Abstract
There is presently no cure for the chronic inflammatory disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which affects the joints and other organs. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that are widely studied in inflammatory diseases. Several studies have shown the therapeutic effects of MSCs in preclinical and clinical RA. However, there are a few concerns regarding the use of MSCs, such as immune rejection and malignancy. Since MSCs exert their potential effects in a paracrine manner, more attention has been paid to their extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). In the current study, we reviewed the application of MSCs and their EVs in RA. A better understanding of the mechanisms driving MSC and MSC-EVs in RA offers insight into possible treatment options for RA.