Abstract
High intake of red meat and/or dairy products may increase the concentration of iron and calcium in plasma-a risk factor for prostate cancer (PC). Despite our understandings of nutrients and their effects on the genome, studies on the effects of iron and calcium on radiation sensitivity of PC patients are lacking. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that high plasma levels of iron and calcium could increase baseline or radiation-induced DNA damage in PC patients relative to healthy controls. The present study was performed on 106 PC patients and 132 age-matched healthy individuals. CBMN assay was performed to measure mi-cronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBuds) in lymphocytes. Plasma concentrations of iron and calcium were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. MN, NPBs, and NBuds induced by radiation ex vivo were significantly higher in PC patients with high plasma iron (P = .004, P = .047, and P = .0003, respectively) compared to healthy controls. Radiation-induced MN and NBuds frequency were also significantly higher in PC patients (P = .001 and P = .0001, respectively) with high plasma calcium levels relative to controls. Furthermore, radiation-induced frequency of NBuds was significantly higher in PC patients (P < .0001) with high plasma levels of both iron and calcium relative to controls. Our results support the hypothesis that high iron and calcium levels in plasma increases the sensitivity to radiation-induced DNA damage and point to the need of developing nutrition-based strategies to minimize DNA damage in normal tissue of PC patients undergoing radiotherapy.