Abstract
BACKGROUND: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is one of the most common cancers diagnosed worldwide. However, minority populations, such as female, elder, and Black patients, may have disparate outcomes and are commonly neglected in randomized prospective trials. This review aims to study the relationship between age, sex, and race on urothelial cancer prognosis, particularly focusing on contemporary therapy and its effect on overall survival. METHODS: Phase III prospective trials since 2016 of immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, or targeted therapies in urothelial carcinoma were identified from PubMed. Trials that did not report on survival by race, sex, or age distribution were excluded, and remaining trials (n = 17) were compared by subgroup. RESULTS: Women were reported to have inferior OS on investigational agents compared to men in 9/17 trials. In a meta-analysis, women had inferior OS to men (OR 0.89 [95% CI: 0.78-0.99]; p = 0.04). Asian/Pacific Islander patients had inferior outcomes to White patients on investigational agents in 3/5 trials. In a meta-analysis, OS was not significant by race (OR 1.18 [0.90-1.46], p = 0.38). Black patients composed <2% of all trial patients, and no subgroup data were reported. Both 65 (n = 7) and 75 (n = 2) were reported as age cut-offs in trial subgroups, and survival data were mixed. CONCLUSIONS: Women in UC trials may have inferior survival outcomes to men. Racial diversity was poor and thus limited any conclusions on survival disparities.