Abstract
Climate impacts on crop production components other than yield, i.e., area and cropping intensity, remain under-studied. Here, we clarify climate-crop area relationships by analyzing subnational census area and yield data for six multi-rice cropping countries in South and Southeast Asia. Extreme climate has a greater influence on the departure of area and yield from long-term trends than the average seasonal climate; precipitation and temperature in the sowing period of the wet/rainfed season have a greater influence on variability of the total annual area than in the growing period. In 57% of the country-scenario cases showing significant changes in area and/or yield, the directions of the area and yield responses to climate are not synchronized, deriving non-significant production changes under projected climates. Climate-area relationships not only limit production shocks, but also clarify uncertainties associated with climate mitigation of agricultural land, where area markedly affects the scale of mitigation.