Abstract
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)-based biomaterials have been widely used in the field of spine and joint surgery. However, lack of biological activity limits their further clinical application. In this study, we synthesized a bioclickable mussel-derived peptide Azide-DOPA4 as a PEEK surface coating modifier and further combined bone morphogenetic protein 2 functional peptides (BMP2p) with a dibenzylcyclooctyne (DBCO) motif through bio-orthogonal reactions to obtain DOPA4@BMP2p-PEEK. As expected, more BMP2p can be conjugated on PEEK after Azide-DOPA4 coating. The surface roughness and hydrophilicity of DOPA4@BMP2p-PEEK were obviously increased. Then, we optimized the osteogenic capacity of PEEK substrates. In vitro, compared with the BMP2p-coating PEEK material, DOPA4@BMP2p-PEEK showed significantly higher osteogenic induction capability of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo, we constructed a rat calvarial bone defect model and implanted PEEK materials with a differently modified surface. Micro-computed tomography scanning displayed that the DOPA4@BMP2p-PEEK implant group had significantly higher new bone volume and bone mineral density than the BMP2p-PEEK group. Histological staining of hard tissue further confirmed that the DOPA4@BMP2p-PEEK group revealed a better osseointegrative effect than the BMP2p-PEEK group. More importantly, we also found that DOPA4@BMP2p coating has a synergistic effect with induced Foxp3+ regulatory T (iTreg) cells to promote osteogenesis. In summary, with an easy-to-perform, two-step surface bioengineering approach, the DOPA4@BMP2p-PEEK material reported here displayed excellent biocompatibility and osteogenic functions. It will, moreover, offer insights to engineering surfaces of orthopedic implants.