Conclusions
Our findings indicate that CANX functions as an oncogene in GBM. We also characterize the CANX/MEK/ERK/BNIP3 mitophagy pathway, provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of GBM drug resistance, and identify a therapeutic target.
Methods
We combined transcriptomic and single-cell sequencing data to identify differentially expressed autophagy-related genes in gliomas. Overexpression of calnexin (CANX), a key gene related to protein folding, and its secretion in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was identified, suggesting poor prognosis in GBM patients. The autophagy flow related to CANX was detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Flow cytometry, cell proliferation, activity assays, and the GBM intracranial xenograft mouse model were employed to validate CANX's role in GBM progression.
Results
CANX knockdown inhibited proliferation and autophagosome formation in GBM cells. On the other hand, CANX overexpression increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, leading to the accumulation of BNIP3 (CL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3, a critical factor regulating mitophagy) and protective mitophagy. Notably, when combined with temozolomide (TMZ), CANX knockdown extended the lifespan of GBM-bearing mice. Additionally, our studies revealed that the classic calcium inhibitor nimodipine (ND) decreased CANX expression and thus enhanced the sensitivity to TMZ. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that CANX functions as an oncogene in GBM. We also characterize the CANX/MEK/ERK/BNIP3 mitophagy pathway, provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of GBM drug resistance, and identify a therapeutic target.