Abstract
This work aimed to investigate temperature polarization (TP) and concentration polarization (CP), which affect solar-powered air-gap membrane distillation (SP-AGMD) system performance under various operating conditions. A mathematical model for the SP-AGMD system using the experimental results was performed to calculate the temperature polarization coefficient (τ), interface temperature (T(fm)), and interface concentration (C(fm)) at various salt concentrations (C(f)), feed temperatures (T(f)), and flow rates (M(f)). The system of SP-AGMD was simulated using the TRNSYS program. An evacuated tube collector (ETC) with a 2.5 m(2) surface area was utilized for solar water heating. Electrical powering of cooler and circulation water pumps in the SP-AGMD system was provided using a photovoltaic system. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Spearman's correlation analysis to test the significant impact of operating conditions and polarization phenomena at p < 0.05. Statistical analysis showed that M(f) induced a highly significant difference in the productivity (P(r)) and heat-transfer (h(f)) coefficients (p < 0.001) and a significant difference in τ (p < 0.05). Great F-ratios showed that M(f) is the most influential parameter. P(r) was enhanced by 99% and 146%, with increasing T(f) (60 °C) and M(f) (12 L/h), respectively, at a stable salt concentration (C(f)) of 0.5% and a cooling temperature (T(c)) of 20 °C. Also, the temperature increased to 85 °C when solar radiation reached 1002 W/m(2) during summer. The inlet heat temperature of AGMD increased to 73 °C, and the P(r) reached 1.62 kg/(m(2)·h).