Abstract
Arrestins are a small family of versatile regulators of cell signaling. Arrestins regulate signaling and trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors, regulate and direct to particular subcellular compartments numerous protein kinases, ubiquitin ligases, etc. Three out of four arrestin subtypes expressed in vertebrates self-associate, each forming oligomers of a distinct size and shape. While the structures of the solution oligomers of arrestin-1, -2, and -3 have been elucidated, no function specific for the oligomeric form of either of these three subtypes has been identified thus far. Considering how multi-functional average-sized (~45 kDa) arrestin proteins were found to be, it appears likely that certain functions are predominantly or exclusively fulfilled by monomeric and oligomeric forms of each subtype.