Abstract
Background Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that has recently made headlines due to outbreaks in several parts of the world. The disease can cause serious health complications, especially in young children, which has led to concerns about vaccination rates and public health policies. This study aims to investigate and describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of measles infection among children in Riyadh. Methodology We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among all pediatric patients with confirmed measles infection at a tertiary hospital from January 15, 2023, to March 15, 2023. We collected data including demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, and clinical outcomes. Results A total of 63 confirmed measles cases were reported. Most patients were under four years of age (82.7%), and 85.7% were unvaccinated. Adenovirus was the most common viral coinfection (12.7%). The most common complication was pneumonia (58.7%). Chest X-ray findings reported a localized right parenchymal infiltrate in 19% of patients and a patchy bilateral infiltrate in 15.9% of patients. In addition, 88.9% required hospital admission secondary to dehydration (47.6%) and hypoxia (41.3%). Among admitted patients, 17.5% were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), 9.5% were admitted due to respiratory failure, and 6.3% due to septic shock. Children under one year of age had a higher risk for PICU admission (p < 0.05). The mortality rate was 1.6%. Conclusions Measles is a serious disease that causes significant health effects and incurs high financial costs for public health systems. Vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent measles outbreaks and reduce their impact on individuals and communities.