Abstract
Selection based on yield alone may not be effective for yield improvement in plant breeding programs. Thus, in order to progress the genetic gains during selection, yield should be considered along with potential yield contributing traits. The objective of this study was to improve the genotype of amaranth and increase the effectiveness of selection in the program by identifying the correlation and path coefficients between yield and its relevant attributes. On 120 genotypes of amaranth planted during two growing seasons in 2020 and 2021, the study was carried out using an alpha lattice design with two replications. The results revealed significant positive phenotypic and genotypic associations on leaf yield, with leaf area, leaf breadth, branch number, leaf number, plant height at flowering, and grain yield all having positive direct effects. Similar strong positive phenotypic and genotypic relationships were found for grain yield and grain sink filling rates. Using path coefficient analysis, the direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on yield were also determined. In addition to having a strong direct impact on grain output, the grain sink filling rates showed both phenotypic and genotypic evidence of substantial positive relationships with grain yield. It was further suggested that leaf yield in amaranth genotypes may increase through the indirect selection of plant height at maturity, leaf length, and terminal inflorescence lateral length, which showed such significant indirect influences, mostly through leaf area, days to maturity, and days to emergence, which displayed such strong indirect effects, primarily through plant height at flowering. This study consequently shows the need for traits with significant positive indirect impacts via leaf area to be considered indirect selection criteria for improving leaf yield in amaranth genotypes. The grain sink filling rate also significantly improved grain yield indirectly at both the phenotypic and genotypic levels, mainly via days to flowering and leaf yield. This demonstrated that selection that mainly targeted days to flowering, leaf yield, and grain sink filling rate would ultimately boost the grain yield in amaranth genotypes.