Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) is an infectious disease of honey bee brood caused by the endospore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. P. larvae spores are resilient in the environment, thus colonies with clinical signs of AFB are often destroyed by burning to eradicate the causative agent. To prevent outbreaks of AFB, oxytetracycline metaphylaxis is widely used in North America, resulting in sustained selective pressure for oxytetracycline resistance in P. larvae. To determine if antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is present among P. larvae isolates from commercial beekeeping operations in Saskatchewan, Canada, we performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 718 P. larvae samples cultured from pooled, extracted honey collected from 52 beekeepers over a 2-y period, 2019 and 2020. We found that 65 of 718 (9%) P. larvae samples collected from 8 beekeepers were resistant to oxytetracycline with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 64-256 µg/mL. Eight of 718 (1%) samples from 4 beekeepers had intermediate resistance to oxytetracycline (MIC: 4-8 µg/mL). Susceptibility testing for tylosin and lincomycin indicated that P. larvae in Saskatchewan continue to be susceptible to these antimicrobials (tylosin MIC: <1 µg/mL, lincomycin MIC: ≤2 µg/mL). Most oxytetracycline-resistant P. larvae samples were identified in northeastern Saskatchewan. Whole-genome sequence analysis identified the P. larvae-specific plasmid pMA67 with tetracycline-resistance gene tet(L) in 9 of 11 oxytetracycline-resistant P. larvae isolates sequenced. Our results highlight the advantage of using pooled, extracted honey as a surveillance tool for monitoring AMR in P. larvae.